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Would the following make the objects fulfil all characteristics that enums have in JavaScript? Something like:

my.namespace.ColorEnum = {
  RED : 0,
  GREEN : 1,
  BLUE : 2
}

// later on

if(currentColor == my.namespace.ColorEnum.RED) {
  // whatever
}

Or is there some other way I can do this?

Would the following make the objects fulfil all characteristics that enums have in JavaScript? Something like:

my.namespace.ColorEnum = {
  RED : 0,
  GREEN : 1,
  BLUE : 2
}

// later on

if(currentColor == my.namespace.ColorEnum.RED) {
  // whatever
}

Or is there some other way I can do this?

• javascript

Share Improve this question Follow edited Jan 18, 2022 at 12:46 Mario Petrovic 8,2821515 gold badges4343 silver badges6666 bronze badges asked Nov 13, 2008 at 19:09 David CitronDavid Citron 43.6k2121 gold badges6464 silver badges7373 bronze badges 9

• 181 Don't use 0 as an enumeration number. Unless it's used for something that has not been set. JS treats false || undefined || null || 0 || "" || '' || NaN all as the same value when compared using ==. – matsko Commented Jan 17, 2015 at 18:10
• 211 @matsko isn't that just an argument against using ==? – sdm350 Commented Feb 24, 2015 at 21:40
• 9 0 == null returns false – mcont Commented Apr 3, 2015 at 14:58
• 14 But false == 0 and +null == 0 (and conversions to numbers happen sometimes when you don't expect it), while null == undefined too, and +undefined is NaN (though NaN != NaN). – sanderd17 Commented May 30, 2015 at 15:59
• 77 The double equality matrix is more confusing than microsoft word's auto-formatting – aaaaaa Commented Mar 23, 2016 at 20:32

 |  Show 4 more comments

50 Answers 50

Sorted by: Reset to default 1 2 Next 1200

Since 1.8.5 it's possible to seal and freeze the object, so define the above as:

const DaysEnum = Object.freeze({"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...})

or

const DaysEnum = {"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...}
Object.freeze(DaysEnum)

and voila! JS enums.

However, this doesn't prevent you from assigning an undesired value to a variable, which is often the main goal of enums:

let day = DaysEnum.tuesday
day = 298832342 // goes through without any errors

One way to ensure a stronger degree of type safety (with enums or otherwise) is to use a tool like TypeScript or Flow.

Quotes aren't needed but I kept them for consistency.

This isn't much of an answer, but I'd say that works just fine, personally

Having said that, since it doesn't matter what the values are (you've used 0, 1, 2), I'd use a meaningful string in case you ever wanted to output the current value.

UPDATE

I don't think my answer below is the best way to write enums in JavaScript anymore. See my blog post for more details: Enums in JavaScript.

---

Alerting the name is already possible:

if (currentColor == my.namespace.ColorEnum.RED) {
   // alert name of currentColor (RED: 0)
   var col = my.namespace.ColorEnum;
   for (var name in col) {
     if (col[name] == col.RED)
       alert(name);
   }
}

Alternatively, you could make the values objects, so you can have the cake and eat it too:

var SIZE = {
  SMALL : {value: 0, name: "Small", code: "S"}, 
  MEDIUM: {value: 1, name: "Medium", code: "M"}, 
  LARGE : {value: 2, name: "Large", code: "L"}
};

var currentSize = SIZE.MEDIUM;
if (currentSize == SIZE.MEDIUM) {
  // this alerts: "1: Medium"
  alert(currentSize.value + ": " + currentSize.name);
}

In JavaScript, as it is a dynamic language, it is even possible to add enum values to the set later:

// Add EXTRALARGE size
SIZE.EXTRALARGE = {value: 3, name: "Extra Large", code: "XL"};

Remember, the fields of the enum (value, name and code in this example) are not needed for the identity check and are only there for convenience. Also the name of the size property itself does not need to be hard coded, but can also be set dynamically. So supposing you only know the name for your new enum value, you can still add it without problems:

// Add 'Extra Large' size, only knowing it's name
var name = "Extra Large";
SIZE[name] = {value: -1, name: name, code: "?"};

Of course this means that some assumptions can no longer be made (that value represents the correct order for the size for example).

Remember, in JavaScript an object is just like a map or hash table. A set of name-value pairs. You can loop through them or otherwise manipulate them without knowing much about them in advance.

Example

for (var sz in SIZE) {
  // sz will be the names of the objects in SIZE, so
  // 'SMALL', 'MEDIUM', 'LARGE', 'EXTRALARGE'
  var size = SIZE[sz]; // Get the object mapped to the name in sz
  for (var prop in size) {
    // Get all the properties of the size object, iterates over
    // 'value', 'name' and 'code'. You can inspect everything this way.        
  }
} 

And by the way, if you are interested in namespaces, you may want to have a look at my solution for simple but powerful namespace and dependency management for JavaScript: Packages JS

Bottom line: You can't.

You can fake it, but you won't get type safety. Typically this is done by creating a simple dictionary of string values mapped to integer values. For example:

var DaysEnum = {"monday":1, "tuesday":2, "wednesday":3, ...}

Document.Write("Enumerant: " + DaysEnum.tuesday);

The problem with this approach? You can accidentally redefine your enumerant, or accidentally have duplicate enumerant values. For example:

DaysEnum.monday = 4; // whoops, monday is now thursday, too

Edit

What about Artur Czajka's Object.freeze? Wouldn't that work to prevent you from setting monday to thursday? – Fry Quad

Absolutely, Object.freeze would totally fix the problem I complained about. I would like to remind everyone that when I wrote the above, Object.freeze didn't really exist.

Now.... now it opens up some very interesting possibilities.

Edit 2
Here's a very good library for creating enums.

http://www.2ality.com/2011/10/enums.html

While it probably doesn't fit every valid use of enums, it goes a very long way.

In most modern browsers, there is a symbol primitive data type which can be used to create an enumeration. It will ensure type safety of the enum as each symbol value is guaranteed by JavaScript to be unique, i.e. Symbol() != Symbol(). For example:

const COLOR = Object.freeze({RED: Symbol(), BLUE: Symbol()});

To simplify debugging, you can add a description to enum values:

const COLOR = Object.freeze({RED: Symbol("RED"), BLUE: Symbol("BLUE")});

Plunker demo

On GitHub you can find a wrapper that simplifies the code required to initialize the enum:

const color = new Enum("RED", "BLUE")

color.RED.toString() // Symbol(RED)
color.getName(color.RED) // RED
color.size // 2
color.values() // Symbol(RED), Symbol(BLUE)
color.toString() // RED,BLUE

Here's what we all want:

function Enum(constantsList) {
    for (var i in constantsList) {
        this[constantsList[i]] = i;
    }
}

Now you can create your enums:

var YesNo = new Enum(['NO', 'YES']);
var Color = new Enum(['RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE']);

By doing this, constants can be acessed in the usual way (YesNo.YES, Color.GREEN) and they get a sequential int value (NO = 0, YES = 1; RED = 0, GREEN = 1, BLUE = 2).

You can also add methods, by using Enum.prototype:

Enum.prototype.values = function() {
    return this.allValues;
    /* for the above to work, you'd need to do
            this.allValues = constantsList at the constructor */
};

Edit - small improvement - now with varargs: (unfortunately it doesn't work properly on IE :S... should stick with previous version then)

function Enum() {
    for (var i in arguments) {
        this[arguments[i]] = i;
    }
}

var YesNo = new Enum('NO', 'YES');
var Color = new Enum('RED', 'GREEN', 'BLUE');

Self-Descriptive Extensible Variable Names

Let's cut straight to the problem: file size. Every other answer listed here bloats your minified code to the extreme. I present to you that for the best possible reduction in code size by minification, performance, readability of code, large scale project management, and syntax hinting in many code editors, this is the correct way to do enumerations: underscore-notation variables.

---

As demonstrated in the chart above and example below, here are five easy steps to get started:

1. Determine a name for the enumeration group. Think of a noun that can describe the purpose of the enumeration or at least the entries in the enumeration. For example, a group of enumerations representing colors choosable by the user might be better named COLORCHOICES than COLORS.
2. Decide whether enumerations in the group are mutually-exclusive or independent. If mutually-exclusive, start each enumerated variable name with ENUM_. If independent or side-by-side, use INDEX_.
3. For each entry, create a new local variable whose name starts with ENUM_ or INDEX_, then the name of the group, then an underscore, then a unique friendly name for the property
4. Add a ENUMLENGTH_, ENUMLEN_, INDEXLENGTH_, or INDEXLEN_ (whether LEN_ or LENGTH_ is personal preference) enumerated variable at the very end. You should use this variable wherever possible in your code to ensure that adding an extra entry to the enumeration and incrementing this value won't break your code.
5. Give each successive enumerated variable a value one more than the last, starting at 0. There are comments on this page that say 0 should not be used as an enumerated value because 0 == null, 0 == false, 0 == "", and other JS craziness. I submit to you that, to avoid this problem and boost performance at the same time, always use === and never let == appear in your code except with typeof (e.x. typeof X == "string"). In all my years of using ===, I have never once had a problem with using 0 as an enumeration value. If you are still squeamish, then 1 could be used as the starting value in ENUM_ enumerations (but not in INDEX_ enumerations) without performance penalty in many cases.

const ENUM_COLORENUM_RED   = 0;
const ENUM_COLORENUM_GREEN = 1;
const ENUM_COLORENUM_BLUE  = 2;
const ENUMLEN_COLORENUM    = 3;

// later on

if(currentColor === ENUM_COLORENUM_RED) {
   // whatever
}

Here is how I remember when to use INDEX_ and when to use ENUM_:

// Precondition: var arr = []; //
arr[INDEX_] = ENUM_;

However, ENUM_ can, in certain circumstances, be appropriate as an index such as when counting the occurrences of each item.

const ENUM_PET_CAT = 0,
      ENUM_PET_DOG = 1,
      ENUM_PET_RAT = 2,
      ENUMLEN_PET  = 3;

var favoritePets = [ENUM_PET_CAT, ENUM_PET_DOG, ENUM_PET_RAT,
                    ENUM_PET_DOG, ENUM_PET_DOG, ENUM_PET_CAT,
                    ENUM_PET_RAT, ENUM_PET_CAT, ENUM_PET_DOG];

var petsFrequency = [];

for (var i=0; i<ENUMLEN_PET; i=i+1|0)
  petsFrequency[i] = 0;

for (var i=0, len=favoritePets.length|0, petId=0; i<len; i=i+1|0)
  petsFrequency[petId = favoritePets[i]|0] = (petsFrequency[petId]|0) + 1|0;

console.log({
    "cat": petsFrequency[ENUM_PET_CAT],
    "dog": petsFrequency[ENUM_PET_DOG],
    "rat": petsFrequency[ENUM_PET_RAT]
});

Observe that, in the code above, it's really easy to add in a new kind of pet: you would just have to append a new entry after ENUM_PET_RAT and update ENUMLEN_PET accordingly. It might be more difficult and buggy to add a new entry in other systems of enumeration.

---

Extend Uppercase Variables With Addition

Additionally, this syntax of enumerations allows for clear and concise class extending as seen below. To extend a class, add an incrementing number to the LEN_ entry of the parent class. Then, finish out the subclass with its own LEN_ entry so that the subclass may be extended further in the future.

(function(window){
    "use strict";
    var parseInt = window.parseInt;

    // use INDEX_ when representing the index in an array instance
    const INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE = 0, // is a ENUM_PIXELTYPE
          INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR   = 1,
          INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_R    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+0,
          INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_G    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+1,
          INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_B    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+2,
          INDEXLEN_SOLIDCOLOR   = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+3,
          INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_R    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+0,
          INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_G    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+1,
          INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_B    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+2,
          INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_A    = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+3,
          INDEXLEN_ALPHACOLOR   = INDEXLEN_PIXELCOLOR+4,
    // use ENUM_ when representing a mutually-exclusive species or type
          ENUM_PIXELTYPE_SOLID = 0,
          ENUM_PIXELTYPE_ALPHA = 1,
          ENUM_PIXELTYPE_UNKNOWN = 2,
          ENUMLEN_PIXELTYPE    = 2;

    function parseHexColor(inputString) {
        var rawstr = inputString.trim().substring(1);
        var result = [];
        if (rawstr.length === 8) {
            result[INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE] = ENUM_PIXELTYPE_ALPHA;
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_R] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(0,2), 16);
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_G] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(2,4), 16);
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_B] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(4,6), 16);
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_A] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(4,6), 16);
        } else if (rawstr.length === 4) {
            result[INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE] = ENUM_PIXELTYPE_ALPHA;
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_R] = parseInt(rawstr[0], 16) * 0x11;
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_G] = parseInt(rawstr[1], 16) * 0x11;
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_B] = parseInt(rawstr[2], 16) * 0x11;
            result[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_A] = parseInt(rawstr[3], 16) * 0x11;
        } else if (rawstr.length === 6) {
            result[INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE] = ENUM_PIXELTYPE_SOLID;
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_R] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(0,2), 16);
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_G] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(2,4), 16);
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_B] = parseInt(rawstr.substring(4,6), 16);
        } else if (rawstr.length === 3) {
            result[INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE] = ENUM_PIXELTYPE_SOLID;
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_R] = parseInt(rawstr[0], 16) * 0x11;
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_G] = parseInt(rawstr[1], 16) * 0x11;
            result[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_B] = parseInt(rawstr[2], 16) * 0x11;
        } else {
            result[INDEX_PIXELCOLOR_TYPE] = ENUM_PIXELTYPE_UNKNOWN;
        }
        return result;
    }

    // the red component of green
    console.log(parseHexColor("#0f0")[INDEX_SOLIDCOLOR_R]);
    // the alpha of transparent purple
    console.log(parseHexColor("#f0f7")[INDEX_ALPHACOLOR_A]); 
    // the enumerated array for turquoise
    console.log(parseHexColor("#40E0D0"));
})(self);

(Length: 2,450 bytes)

Some may say that this is less practical than other solutions: it wastes tons of space, it takes a long time to write, and it is not coated with sugar syntax. Those people would be right if they do not minify their code. However, no reasonable person would leave unminified code in the end product. For this minification, Closure Compiler is the best I have yet to find. Online access can be found here. Closure compiler is able to take all of this enumeration data and inline it, making your Javascript be super duper small and run super duper fast. Thus, Minify with Closure Compiler. Observe.

---

Minify With Closure Compiler

Closure compiler is able to perform some pretty incredible optimizations via inferences that are way beyond the capacities of any other Javascript minifier. Closure Compiler is able to inline primitive variables set to a fixed value. Closure Compiler is also able to make inferences based upon these inlined values and eliminate unused blocks in if-statements and loops.

'use strict';(function(e){function d(a){a=a.trim().substring(1);var b=[];8===a.length?(b[0]=1,b[1]=c(a.substring(0,2),16),b[2]=c(a.substring(2,4),16),b[3]=c(a.substring(4,6),16),b[4]=c(a.substring(4,6),16)):4===a.length?(b[1]=17*c(a[0],16),b[2]=17*c(a[1],16),b[3]=17*c(a[2],16),b[4]=17*c(a[3],16)):6===a.length?(b[0]=0,b[1]=c(a.substring(0,2),16),b[2]=c(a.substring(2,4),16),b[3]=c(a.substring(4,6),16)):3===a.length?(b[0]=0,b[1]=17*c(a[0],16),b[2]=17*c(a[1],16),b[3]=17*c(a[2],16)):b[0]=2;return b}var c=
e.parseInt;console.log(d("#0f0")[1]);console.log(d("#f0f7")[4]);console.log(d("#40E0D0"))})(self);

(Length: 605 bytes)

Closure Compiler rewards you for coding smarter and organizing your code well because, whereas many minifiers punish organized code with a bigger minified file size, Closure Compiler is able to sift through all your cleanliness and sanity to output an even smaller file size if you use tricks like variable name enumerations. That, in this one mind, is the holy grail of coding: a tool that both assists your code with a smaller minified size and assists your mind by training better programming habits.

---

Smaller Code Size

Now, let us see how big the equivalent file would be without any of these enumerations.

Source Without Using Enumerations (length: 1,973 bytes (477 bytes shorter than enumerated code!))
Minified Without Using Enumerations (length: 843 bytes (238 bytes longer than enumerated code))

As seen, without enumerations, the source code is shorter at the cost of a larger minified code. I do not know about you; but I know for sure that I do not incorporate source code into the end product. Thus, this form of enumerations is far superior insomuch that it results in smaller minified file sizes.

---

Cooperative

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