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I'm using JavaScript to write some code and found an unexpected behaviour.

I'm using a nested function g inside f. f has a parameter named m. When using and declaring a variable inside g with the same name, something weird happens:

var f = function(m) {
    var g = function() {
        alert(m);
        var m = 0;
    };
    g();
};
f(1);

This code will result in undefined, instead of 1 which I expected.

Moving the alert statement below the var line would result in the answer 0 which makes sense.

I suppose this is because JavaScript are only using functions as name closures, var m will be attached to function g with the declaration, but m is not assigned yet at the time of alert.

But I am not sure about this, because if the function is not nested, there behaviour looks nice to me:

var g = function(m) {
    alert(m);
    var m = 0;
};
g(1);

would produce 1.

Could anyone explain? Thank you.

I'm using JavaScript to write some code and found an unexpected behaviour.

I'm using a nested function g inside f. f has a parameter named m. When using and declaring a variable inside g with the same name, something weird happens:

var f = function(m) {
    var g = function() {
        alert(m);
        var m = 0;
    };
    g();
};
f(1);

This code will result in undefined, instead of 1 which I expected.

Moving the alert statement below the var line would result in the answer 0 which makes sense.

I suppose this is because JavaScript are only using functions as name closures, var m will be attached to function g with the declaration, but m is not assigned yet at the time of alert.

But I am not sure about this, because if the function is not nested, there behaviour looks nice to me:

var g = function(m) {
    alert(m);
    var m = 0;
};
g(1);

would produce 1.

Could anyone explain? Thank you.

• javascript

Share Improve this question Follow edited Apr 5, 2011 at 8:49 Ryan Li asked Apr 5, 2011 at 8:44 Ryan LiRyan Li 9,34077 gold badges3535 silver badges6464 bronze badges 5

• Is there any other code that code be affectig it? The behaviour here is not as you describe: jsfiddle/QvcqU – shanethehat Commented Apr 5, 2011 at 8:48
• @shanethehat: sorry, I meant undefined. – Ryan Li Commented Apr 5, 2011 at 8:49
• When i run your first block of code i get undefined. – herostwist Commented Apr 5, 2011 at 8:53
• @herostwist: yes, it's undefined. I have edited the question. – Ryan Li Commented Apr 5, 2011 at 8:57
• The reason the second one produces 1 is because you have m as a formal parameter, then pass 1 to the function so it is assigned a value when the function is called. Later, m is set to 0 when the assignment m=0 is processed. – RobG Commented Apr 5, 2011 at 8:57

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1 Answer 1

Sorted by: Reset to default 8

Javascript uses function-scope, meaning that variables' scope is not like C's block-scope ing into and out of scope according to {}, but rather objects e into and out of scope by functions' beginnings and endings. As such, every local variable you define in a function is declared from the beginning of the execution of that function, and will be of type undefined until you initialise it in your function.

As such, when g executes, since it will create at some point the local variable m, the runtime already declares that there is a local m (which obviously hides the external m of the f function) with type undefined from the beginning of g's execution

See https://developer.mozilla/en/JavaScript/Reference/Scope_Cheatsheet which explains that when you do var varName it hoists the variable to the top of the function scope. That page has lots of great examples, here's one quote that sums it up:

Every definition of a variable is really a declaration of the variable at the top of its scope and an assignment at the place where the definition is.

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